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WHAT IS INFORMATION - A WEB PAGE DEVOTED TO INFORMATION RELATED DETAILS.  

A message received and understood data: a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; "statistical data" knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction 
(communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome; "the signal contained thousands of bits of information" Formal accusation of a crime 
 
Information is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver. In other words, it is the context in which data is taken.  

Information is a formal criminal charge made without a grand jury indictment by a prosecutor in a document sometimes called information.  

Facts, concepts, or instructions; any sort of knowledge or supposition which can be communicated. 

Information is measured as the decrease in uncertainty of a receiver or molecular machine in going from the before state to the after state. "In spite of this dependence on the coordinate system the entropy concept is as important in the continuous case as the discrete case. 
 

HOW TO GET INFORMATION FROM PUBLIC SECTOR- A WEB PAGE DIRECTS YOU

1. What organizations can I get information about? 

The Freedom of Information Act applies to all information held by ‘public authorities’ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. ‘Public authorities’ refers to the organizations that have a role in public life. These include:

Central government departments
Local authorities and councils
The police
The NHS
Schools and local education authorities
Universities
Publicly owned companies 

2. What do I have a right to know? 
You can request almost any specific piece of information.  you might be able to ask:

What your hospitals policy for allocating beds is 
Why a particular doctor was dismissed 
What exactly council tax is being spent on 
Why the local swimming pool is being closed
Whether pesticide levels in your local water supply are safe
The organization has to release all the information relating to this matter apart from that which contains private or sensitive information about other individuals.

Under the act, each organization has to run a ‘publication scheme’. This is just a guide to what information is available about the organization and explains how this information can be obtained. The information they might provide includes: 

Annual reports
Financial information
Health and safety and employment policies
Minutes and agendas of meetings
Circulars and internal memos 
Access to personal information comes under the Data Protection Act. You can find out more about accessing information from public bodies at the Your Right to Know website. Friends of the Earth have also launched a website on your right to know to help people use the new legislation.

3. How do I get the information? 
Find out your hospital bed-allocation policy 

If the information you require is not already in the publication scheme, you can specifically request it from the organization. They can charge a fee for this service. The request should: 

Be in writing
State your name and address 
Describe the information requested
The organization will normally have to respond within 20 working days. But there are circumstances in which this time limit can be extended. The information commissioner’s website has more on the Freedom of Information Act. 

4. What information can be withheld? :Organizations have the right to withhold certain information. For example information cannot be released if it is against public interest. This sort of information is ‘exempted’ from the act. The main types of exemption are: 

Qualified exemption: The public interest in withholding the information is greater than the public interest in releasing it 

Absolute exemption: Information that falls into this category can be withheld without even considering ‘public interest’ arguments. For example, certain defense and national security matters fall inside this category
There are other, more specific, types of information that organizations can withhold. These are laid out in the act and they include:

Information that is already available to the public
Information intended for future publication
Information supplied by or about the security or intelligence services
Information supplied by or about the special forces
Information about civil or criminal investigations, including police investigations
Court or tribunal proceedings and documents
Information that may prejudice the work of the organization in auditing the accounts and efficiency of another public body
Communications with the Queen and other members of the Royal Family
Information about the formulation of government policy, how a minister’s private office works, ministerial communications and any advice received by a minister. This applies to the Welsh Assembly and central government
Information that would endanger the safety or the physical or mental health of another
Trade secrets and information that might affect the commercial interests of an organization or another person
Confidential legal proceedings.

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